They had a wide distribution, including both Americas, Asia, and Europe. There are concentric ridges in the posterior area. They have been found in sediments of Canada, the US, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Their presence indicates that the area was shallow, clear, and marine in the past. They have gills to obtain oxygen. Genus of trilobite species that lived during the Middle Cambrian of Utah, and possibly British Columbia. They serve as excellent index fossils for the paleozoic. Early Cretaceous (Valanginian age, ~140-136 mya) to present-day. These different forms grew in response to differences in wave energy in an environment. Strictly marine. ]. Name comes from brachio (Latin) + pod (Greek), "arm-foot.". Devil’s toenails, foam oysters, honeycomb oysters. Irregular echinoid spines lost their defense role and are reduced and hair-like, helping to burrow, move, gather food, and create circulatory currents inside the burrow. They are found throughout North America, North Africa, and Europe. Marexpress. Were 9 cm long and 10 cm high. Many fossils have been preserved in fine-grained sedimentary rock, such as limestone and shale. Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous, mainly Middle Devonian. Most species were relatively small, benthic (lived at the bottom), freshwater detritivores (bottomfeeder, eats detritus) averaging around 12 inches in length. Sometimes used as jewelry or as currency, e.g. They hold their shells together using muscles. They live in clean sand in moderately shallow waters where they rest on the bed in self-made depressions. Thick walls and septa with hexagonal corallites. Rafinesquina is an extinct genus of concavo-convex brachiopod that lived during the Ordovician. Benthic and sessile filter feeders. Fossil identification can be a challenging proposition. Fusulinid, any of a large group of extinct foraminiferans (single-celled organisms related to the modern amoebas but having complex shells that are easily preserved as fossils). Ordovician to Early Devonian (possibly to Early Carboniferous or even Permian). Collection of loose, screw-shaped bryozoan fossils Archimedes. There are plates of calcium carbonate, forming an endoskeleton. They had a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae. Late Ordovician to Early Devonian, 450-412 mya. Fossils are ~2 cm long. Shaped like stars and have many arms around a central disk. They were typically 2.5 cm long but sometimes grew to 4. The body wall is perforated and consists of two layers of cells separated by a layer of mesenchyme (Figure 1). It presents taxonomic, distributional, and ecological data about the entire fossil record. Brachiopods are a diverse group of lophophorates that are externally very similar to clams and other bivalves. They can usually regenerate limbs. In life, blastoids were very similar to crinoids. Sponges vary greatly in shape, being commonly vase-shaped, spherical, saucer-shaped, pear-shaped, leaf-shaped, branching, and irregular or encrusting. It fed using its nematocysts to stun prey. In some cases they exceed in number and volume the combined remains of all other groups. Worldwide. Lived early Triassic to present. Especially common in the Late Carboniferous. By the Cretaceous, all modern forms of insects had appeared. Irregular echinoids evolved from regular echinoids during the early Jurassic. 38) Genus Nautilus, Phylum Mollusca The surface is either smooth or radially ribbed. They pump water through the body to feed, and have one body orifice to serve for ingestion as well as excretion. It is divided by thin walls called septa, and the chambers are called camerae and get progressively larger. The vertical blades in the calyx are known as septa which may continue outside the corallite wall as costae. The backbones of the coral are made of calcite in both life and fossilization. The most likely fed on trilobites and small arthropods. Live in both shallow marine water and the deep sea. Lived from the Devonian (390 mya) and were thought to have gone extinct in the Cretaceous (66 mya) but were discovered in 1938 off the coast of Africa. The shell is in one piece and is usually coiled. It is known for having a very long pedicle, which anchored it to the sea floor. Its name is based off the town Elrath, Cherokee County, Alabama, where, It was the largest trilobite. Name comes from rūgōsus, Latin for "wrinkled.". They preferred clear water because murky water clogs the zooecia in which they live. Warm waters at various depths. A Pecten shell is used for the logo of Shell Oil Co. "Mucrospirifer" means "sharply pointed spire-bearer.". Oldest trilobite on the list. K. Animalia, P. Brachiopoda, articulate. Usually lived in shallow, warm water, but were able to survive in deeper, colder water. Cambrian to recent. In 1982, Gary D. Rosenberg proposed that the number of days in a Late Ordovician lunar month could be estimated by counting the growth lines of Rafinesquina. They have chitin exoskeletons which must be shed periodically and are not mineralized unlike other arthropods. Have well-developed tabulae. By Kimberly1979, October 28, 2020 in Fossil ID. Also in Europe. index fossil meaning: 1. a fossil that is found in many places and comes from the same time in history, so that…. They were almost always colonial. Jellyfish are motile and planktonic. Adapted for feeding on the bottom. Lived in the early Carboniferous, from 360 to 314 mya. Their size and appearance is similar to elephants and mammoths, but they were not particularly closely related. Epifaunal. Regular echinoids are mostly scavengers and can eat algae and other plant matter, animal detritus, sponges, molluscs, and barnacles. They are characteristic of late Mesozoic ammonoids but extend all the way back to the Permian. They consisted of colonies of microscopic organisms with a threefold body division. Crustaceans use antennae for swimming. They were filter feeders that attached themselves to a substrate. Many molluscs have a ctenidium, or feathery gill organ. Cold, deep marine environments. # 2004 Astraeospongia. Darwin classified it as a living fossil. Characteristics of this class of echinoderm include: Arms that are distinct from central disk. Sessile, Benthic, Attached to substrates, as encrusting organisms or by an attachment disc. distinct central disk, long flexible arms for movement. The brachial valve is convex, but the dorsal valve is concave. Marine: mainly temperate, shallow water. Perhaps they did not attach and depended on a slow sinking rate to remain in the photic zone. Class Bivalvia Brachiopod: Time (Cambrian to Present) Brachiopods are one of the most abundant fossils found on Earth. Has a calcified skeleton made of tubes. These plants were medium-sized trees, growing to more than 100 feet tall. They are benthic selective deposit feeders, feeding on a variety of microzooplankton, organic matter, and microbes. They have flat shells and distinct flat extensions to the hinge line called "wings.". They could be either epifaunal or infaunal in nature, depending on the species. They were the first to branch off from the common ancestor of all animals, so they're the sister group of all other animals. When I first saw the fossil, I thought it was definitely an astraeospongia, but the owner was sure it was a jellyfish cast. No menu assigned! They are the top 10 finest amber fossils ever. Ordovician to present-day. One type of thecae (autothecae). Predatory. They also have appendages coming from the mouth used for feeding, mobility, and reproduction. Stipes branch at most once. The name "echinoderm" comes from "echino" (Ancient Greek for hedgehog) + "derm" (Ancient Greek for skin). Choose from 500 different sets of geology index fossils flashcards on Quizlet. They had three plates: deltoid plates, radial plates, and basal plates. Bivalves usually have two adductor muscles for closing the shell, but some mollusks, such as scallops, have one, central adductor muscle. Sponges can be reef builders, being able to house organisms such as nematodes, crustaceans and mollusks in the osculum (center chamber). Lived in the exaerobic zone of the ocean, characterized by low oxygen levels. The complete fossils consist of two articulated valves: a larger gnarly-shaped shell (the "toenail") and a smaller, flattened shell (the "lid"). Stereom likely evolved before other traits of echinoderms such as radial symmetry and may have been developed during a transition from an aragonite to a calcite sea during Stage 2 of the Cambrian. A: Top view of large, prismatic corallites of Strombodes, a common coral in Silurian rock of eastern Wisconsin [8.5 cm].B: Closeup of the chains of Halysites, also common in Silurian rock [7 cm].C: Top view of small, prismatic Favosites corallites, the honeycomb coral, a common fossil in Silurian rock [7 cm]. Kentucky Geological Survey paleontological collection. They are usually fossilized by means of carbonization in shale. Named after Amos Henry Worthen (1813-1888), a paleontologist. Fossils of animals are classified, as are living specimens, by observing the body structures and functions. Related to rays. See also: Cenozoic; Extinction (biology); Foraminiferida; Index fossil; Limestone; Protozoa. Filter-feeders that attached themselves to the seafloor of shallow marine environments. It is the state fossil of Delaware. Is easily recognizable by the honeycomb-like appearance when viewed from above. Allosaurus was at the top of the food chain. They were upright and bushy. The have a skeletal system made out of calcite plates. Sign In. Their skulls are larger and flatter than those of mammoths, while their skeleton is stockier and more robust. Cnidarians use nematocysts to catch prey and have tissue “organs.” They are radially symmetric with a sac-like body. A large group of cartilaginous fish. Comes from Latin "turritus" (towered) + "-ella" (small). Taxonomy of Nuculidae is based mainly on their feces. It does not cover all the important aspects of this subject. A sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay. Fossils up to 6 inches wide are found in the Middle Eocene rocks of Turkey. Flashcards. (Some genera seem to have secreted siphonophore-style floats from which numerous rhabdosomes hung.) Cone snails are tropical in distribution and have lived from the Eocene epoch (56-38 mya, Paleogene) to the present. Fossils are found in rock formations dating to the Devonian period, about 350 million years ago. They have small and highly inflated biconvex shells with coarse, large ribs. Fossil corals are white, though they were doubtless colorful like today's corals when they were alive. A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together. Index fossil definition, a widely distributed fossil, of narrow range in time, regarded as characteristic of a given geological formation, used especially in determining the age of related formations. They consisted of colonies of microscopic organisms with a threefold body division. Worldwide. During the Mesozoic marine revolution, crinoids adopted the ability to swim/crawl, nocturnal behavior, and/or autotomy (the ability to discard limbs in self-defense). Preyed on by crocodilians, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago. D: Side view of Syringopora (common in Silurian rock), showing … Planktonic/Pelagic. Essential German Verbs. View Fossils_Info_sheet_2016.docx from BIOLOGY ap at Chattahoochee High School. Scallops that were up to 20 cm long and more than 8.5 cm wide. A thin siphuncle extends from the body into the empty camerae, emptying water out of them, allowing the ammonoid to change its buoyancy and rise and descend. Typically resemble small hacksaw blades. When they were first discovered, paleontologists thought that they were ancient catfish- it was seven years later that they became identified as arthropods. In 2009, a solidified black ink sac was found in the UK. They have 2 pairs of sensory antennae and 3 pairs of limbs used to push food into the mouth. Usually marine. Stipes branch many times in sequence, yielding a dendritic rhabdosome. Extinct genus of tabulate coral characterized by polygonal closely packed corallites (giving it the common name "honeycomb coral"). Their valves are semi-circular (D-shaped), flat and thin; the brachial valve is convex while the dorsal valve is flat to concave. http://personal.kent.edu/~alisonjs/paleo/paleolab2porifera.htm. It had wide shells that were a couple inches across. Large corallites. It had very fine costae. The underside of the disk contains the mouth. Worldwide - excellent index fossils for the Paleozoic. The confused predator thinks the gastropod has escaped and goes on looking for it elsewhere. They are sessile, epifaunal suspension feeders. Coral Fossils. They thrived in the Silurian. Their shells are very durable and made of aragonite. Some of the most distinctive and common bivalves from the Cretaceous Period. The tentacle hook is also sometimes preserved. Learn test fossils science olympiad with free interactive flashcards. made by worms and other animals can tell how they lived and moved, includes footprints, tooth marks on a bone, impressions made in mud or moist soil pressed into rock; worm burrows (skilithos tubes). There is much debate over whether they lived upright with tentacles on the sea bed for foraging for food, or if they lived horizontally and near the surface of the water. Cambrian to Devonian except the genus Proetida which lived until the Permian Mass Extinction. They are mostly marine animals, though some are common in freshwater and some are partially terrestrial. Ediacaran (Precambrian, ~580 mya) to modern-day. Orthoceras was a cephalopod from the Lower Ordovician to the Upper Triassic, although the time of their extinction is not completely clear. Version 0810 current as of OCT 2008. Snails, slugs, limpets, and sea hares. The arms have pentaradial symmetry and have smaller bones and cilia for feeding. Worldwide, except Australia and Antarctica. Ichthyosaurs thrived during much of the Mesozoic era; appearing about 250 mya and at least one species existed until about 90 mya. 40) Genus Conus, Phylum Echinodermata Class Hexactinellida is still extant but is now found only in the deep ocean. Molluscs display annual growth lines. It was about 16 mm long and 22 mm wide. Width is usually greater than length (around 2.8 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively). Glossopteris was a woody, seed-bearing shrub or tree, some apparently reaching 98 ft tall. The larger shell is called the pedicle valve - contains a hole through which a fleshy stalk called a pedicle attaches to a substrate (rocks or sediment on the sea floor). A type of hexacoral. Astraeospongia Phylum Porifera, Subphylum Cellularia, Class Calcarea, Order Heteractinida, Family Astraeospongiidae. Semicircular (fan-shaped). Echinoderms exist at all depths. They have medium-sized thick aragonite shells which are almost circular. Was the most widespread, abundant and diverse genus of antiarch placoderms (armored fish), with over 100 species spread across the middle to late Devonian strata across every continent. Competitors are required to identify the stems, columns and calyxes of crinoids for this event. Terrestrial insects are usually not fossilized because their exoskeletons are not mineralized. Molluscs evolved from Phylum Platyhelminthes, or flatworms, as they slowly became bigger and more complex. Named after the goddess Astarte, a goddess of war and sexual love in the modern Middle East. They are oysters. "Echinoidea" comes from Comes from "echino" (Ancient Greek for hedgehog and then Latin for sea urchin). Bryozoans can reproduce both sexually and asexually. These small spines were found on both halves of the shell, and are the easiest way to identify Juresania. The animal occupied the last and biggest chamber, known as the body chamber. They became especially common during the Jurassic Period, thriving until their disappearance due to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 mya. Genus of plateosaurid dinosaur that lived during the late Triassic, around 214 to 204 mya in what is now central and northern Europe. They vary in shape. for sore eyes or rheumatism. Abundant and widespread. Sea urchins, sand dollars, and heart urchins. Most undergo metamorphosis with pupae as resting stages. Worldwide (including Antarctica). They have colonial skeletons (rhabdosomes) that are generally broadly branching (conical to fan-shaped to shrub-like to flat spirals). Main article: Fossils The pages listed here contain information on each taxa listed on the 2021 National Fossil List. 71) Genus Plateosaurus, Order Ornithischia (bird-hipped) Bivalves can be shallow infaunal, deep infaunal, or epifaunal. They swam in shallow waters. Trilobites are named for their bodies, which are divided into three lobes, which run longitudinally along the body. Food Production . Thorax is usually 13 segments. Cambrian - Recent. Fossil sponges range in size from 0.4 inches to more than 3 feet. Sponges are worldwide in their distribution, living in a wide range of ocean habitats. Epifaunal. Worldwide, especially tropical and subtropical seas. Kingdom Animalia … Traditionally thought to have evolved from Blastozoa but some think that may have diverged from the lineage earlier. Polyps (e.g. Large genus of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, with the common names of cone snails or cone shells. Bryozoans come in three growth forms: massive (a mound with no planned shape), branching (where the structure forms intricate branches), and fenestrate (where in life the bryozoan would have large, soft appendages coming out from the skeleton). Every so often, something incredibly beautiful and delicate comes out of the fossil record. n. The fossil remains of an organism that lived in a particular geologic age, used to identify or date the rock or rock layer in which it is found. They trapped food floating in the currents by means of tentable-like appendices. The two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers, students, and the public since 1998. One of the most powerful marine predators ever, it reached a length of 18 meters (59 feet). Scleractinian corals are the only corals that are alive today. The owner is very knowledgeable about the fossils, but there is one fossil I'm not sure about. Check these out: Biology. Many bivalves burrow into the sediment. The trunks of Calamites has a distinctive segmented. The entire colony is housed in a theca, also called a rhabsodome, coenocium, or tubarium, likely made of either collagen or chitin, which the graptolites secrete through the cephalic shield. It presents taxonomic, distributional, and ecological data about the entire fossil record. It is commonly found in the Wheeler Formation in Utah. Some specimens can move at around 1-4 mm a day. They were filter feeders. Choose from 500 different sets of test fossils science olympiad flashcards on Quizlet. Marine gastropods have planktonic larvae called veligers which then metamorphose into juveniles. Related to sharks. 86) Species H. neanderthalensis, Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo) "Belemnite battlefields" are mass accumulations of belemnite rostra, thought to have been caused by mass death after mating. Class Trilobita In the Burgess Shale. The taxon was defined by James Sowerby in 1816. First appeared in the fossil record during the Ordovician, 450-420 mya. The shells lack ribbing and are always longer than they are high. Individual corallites were cylindrical and 2 mm long and wide. Archimedes is a fossil that looks like a screw. They had parallel sides and had differently placed eyes, so they could see in almost all lateral directions. They are important index fossils. Hydnoceras is a good index fossil and is usually preserved as internal molds. Most of them were detritus feeders, but some may have been active predators and scavengers. Insects have antennae, heads, 3-part thoraxes which have 3 pairs of legs, and abdomens. Terrestrial and freshwater. Broken fragments of Archimedes are common in Mississippian rocks of both eastern and western Kentucky. They have a skeleton made of calcite. The earliest ammonites appeared in the Devonian, and died out in the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The shell was made of calcite and was very thick and heavy. They start with four major septa and then grow minor septa. US And Canadian Fossil Sites -- Data for NEW YORK. They vary in shape with their platforms usually straight and complete. Plesiosaurs first appeared in the latest Triassic Period, possibly in the Rhaetian stage, about 205 mya. Calcium carbonate substrate. They are benthic and sessile, and live in marine and freshwater environments. 4 cm high by 2 cm wide. a monospecific genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the late Devonian period, about 375 MYA , with many features akin to those of tetrapods, may be bridge between water and land organisms. North America. Pygidium has four axial rings and a long terminal piece. Gastropods are essentially everywhere except the air (ranging from deep sea to desert) and can be herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, parasites, detritus feeders, etc. They had 10 tentacles/arms, with 30-50 pairs of chitinous hooks each. Most extinct brachiopods were benthic, and most today attach themselves to a firm substrate using their fleshy stalks. Were very common during the Paleozoic Era before the Permian-Triassic extinction, where most crinoids became extinct. Infaunal. Ate algae and corals. They have changed little since their appearance in the Ordovician. Annularia are the leaf whorls of an extinct horsetail. Marine. A genus of large scallops or saltwater clams. Flashcards. They are a mix of several different toxins made of peptides. Official Fossil List Note: Numbers indicate that members of that taxon rank should be identifiable to that level. Exogyra is characterized by its very thick shell, which attained massive proportions. Fishermen sometimes call them inkfish. Shallow water. Mucrospirifer was strophic, meaning it had a well-defined hinge. They have interlocking shell hinge teeth. They are mainly known for their size, growing up to 21 feet in length and over 3 tons in weight. Strong pentaradial symmetry. An ancestor of the horse that had three toes, flat teeth for grazing, and was larger in size than Hyracotherium. Their fossil record is poor until the Mesozoic Era. Specimens can be found in most rock formations of the Traverse Group in Michigan. Plateosaurus had the typical body shape of a herbivorous bipedal dinosaur: a small skull, a long and flexible neck, a stocky body, and a long, mobile tail. Early Carboniferous to Permian (mostly restricted to Early Carboniferous). They have a distinctive curved shell. Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses, in biology.In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family.In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.. E.g. They have a layer of nacre (mother of pearl) that coats their inner shell. The inside of the corallite is called the calyx. In some, the stipes are scandent (they grow up the sides of the nema). a genus of saucer-shaped Silurian fossil sponges having 6-rayed stellate spicules and important as Paleozoic index fossils. Unlike many trilobites, they could fully roll up, the cephalon making a tight seal with the pygidium. They were benthic suspension feeders. Most echinoids quickly lose their spines after death, so most fossils are either isolated tests or solitary spines. Their pores are called ostia. E. kingii is one of the most common trilobite fossils in the USA. However, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. The rostrom is long and narrow with a blunt apex, made of fibrous calcite crystals. To learn more about subscribing to AccessScience, or to request a no-risk trial of this award-winning scientific reference for your institution, fill in … The colony is connected via tubes called stolons. They are invertebrates and have segmented bodies, an exoskeleton, and many limbs. Lived in clear, shallow marine waters. in West Africa, India, or China. Medium-sized trilobite with a smooth sub-ovate carapace that is tapered towards the rear. They were the most important animal members of the plankton during the time of their peak. The genus name comes from its rhombus-shaped holes. Fossil Porifera (sponge) Astylospongia praemorsa is from the middle Silurian Period. This coral can be found in several forms: large masses, tall branching forms, and encrusting various types of shells. They are found in almost all aquatic habitats. They spawned in clusters, and may have often died shortly after spawning. They are usually fossilized by means of carbonization in shale. It is one of the largest lepospondyls, with its boomerang-shaped skull. Another harpoon is retrieved from the radular sac. Astraeospongia Phylum Porifera, Subphylum Cellularia, Class Calcarea, Order Heteractinida, Family Astraeospongiidae. Benthic and sessile filter feeders. One of the species, Isotelus rex, is currently the largest trilobite fossil to have ever been found. For ranks not underlined, indented ranks are in the rank above it. Most have 13 segments in the thorax, but some have 19 segments. The US (Oklahoma, Kentucky, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New York), Canada, Venezuela, the UK, France, the Czech Republic, Morocco, and Turkey. Very prevalent along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Although some species are solitary, most are colonial. It appeared in the late Devonian, 365 mya and was in between lobe-finned fishes and animals fully capable of coming on land. The larger, curved shell sat within the mud on the sea floor. Their fossils generally look like pencil marks on a rock. A heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur primarily of the Cretaceous period, armored with bony plates. Most of them lived benthically, but some may have been pelagic or planktonic. |astrē(ˌ)ōˈspənjēə, pän noun Usage: capitalized Etymology: New Latin, from astraeo (from Greek astraios starry, from aster , astēr star) + spongia more at star : a genus of saucer shaped Silurian fossil sponges having 6 rayed stellate spicules… Sign Up; Log In; Back. Ammonoids can even be spiraled as a juvenile and straight as an adult. Shallow waters. They have 2-parted limbs and a chitin shell. It had a round outline, a convex ventral, and was covered with numerous small spines. Filter feeders (planktonic diet) that lived on sand and gravel. Graptolites with relatively few branches were derived from Dendroidea at the beginning of the Ordovician period. 5. it smooth and rounded edges i think, popcorn but harder and smoother n it looks like it got bamboozled by a asetriord like a moon i thank. Subclass Nautiloidea In the past, they could be found at almost all depths. Learn more. Back to States INDEX. The Glass Sponge gets its name from its skeleton which is made of six-pointed siliceous spicules, meaning glass-like. The stem is made of porous bone. Very fine-grained sedimentary rock that will not easily split into sheets. The first freshwater bivalves appeared in the Devonian. The hinge is heavy, with a row of 6-12 teeth. An Astarte bivalve has two well-defined adductor scars and a clear pallial line that connects them. Carbonate stone made of. Sponges are free-swimming in their larval stages. More diverse than Dendroidea. 95) Genus Gingko. It was a suspension feeder. Echinoderms, including starfish, sea urchins, and sand dollars. The most common fossils found are plants and animals that once lived in shallow-warm seas or lakes. Benthic deposit feeders. Extinct genus of stem-tetrapod, among the first vertebrate animals to have recognizable limbs. Ordovician to Permian. Both are cartilaginous fishes, rather than bony fishes. Articulate brachiopods have two valves that are different size. Good index fossil for the Ordovician. The fusulinids first appeared late in the Early Carboniferous Epoch, which ended 318 million years ago, and persisted What is an amber ? https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6146&context=pias. Still overall classification system is not so difficult to understand. Description. a hole or holes an animal dug into a hard substrate (like wood or rock). It was a fenestrate bryozoan that was much wider in life than it seems from the fossil. In adults, there is always a sicula bearing a nema. Sea lilies (stalked), feather stars (unstalked), comatulids (unstalked). As lophophorates, their closest relatives are bryozoans. They had a symbiotic relationship with hermit crabs and algae. Thecae are uniform. Septastraea's morphology is variable, being able to grow into just about any shape. Foraminifera now provide valuable stratigraphical index fossils, and inter-regional correlation is possible on the basis of worldwide zones.

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